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Forming Fabric Selection: A Technical Perspective for Manufacturers and Paper Makers.

2026-04-07

Forming fabric selection is not a routine procurement decision- it is a technical engineering process that directly influences sheet formation, drainage efficiency, retention performance, machine cleanliness, and fabric life. Because paper machine clothing is a tailor-made product, each forming fabric must be designed specifically for the individual machine, grade mix, and operating conditions in which it will run. Even small variations in forming section geometry, vacuum configuration, furnish composition, or speed can significantly alter the performance requirements of the fabric.

This guide cuts through the jargon to answer your biggest questions: How do you balance drainage and fiber retention? Polyester or composite? What makes a reliable supplier? We’ll break down specs, costs, and real-world tips to help you pick a fabric that fits your mill- saving time, reducing waste, and keeping production smooth. Let’s get started.

Table of Contents

The Basics: What You Need to Know About Forming Fabrics
Forming Fabric Selection from the Manufacturer’s Perspective
Forming Fabric Selection from the Paper Maker’s Perspective
Technical Criteria for Selection

1. The Basics: What You Need to Know About Forming Fabrics

1.1 The Primary Functions of Forming Fabrics

The primary functions of papermaking forming fabrics are to permit water removed from the sheet to flow through the fabric; support, retain, and form the sheet; and to convey the sheet from the headbox to the press section. The top surface of the forming fabric acts as a filter cloth to create a base for fibers to be deposited to form a fiber mat. Geometry of the forming fabric surface contributes to sheet properties, including wire mark, linting, and sheet smoothness. Better support improves fiber mat quality and retention of fines, fillers, and fibers on the supported side of the mat, while reducing sheet two-sidedness.

The bottom side of forming fabrics contributes conveyor belt characteristics. Most life reducing wear occurs on the bottom side of the fabric since it contacts wear producing elements, such as rolls, foils, and flat box covers. Machines with high drag loads require heavy duty fabrics to withstand stretching forces and wear over forming boards, foils, vacuum equipment and rolls. Drag, fabric wear, and life are all related. Mechanically, forming fabrics must have:

Good wear resistance
Resistance to stretching, narrowing, skew, puckering, ridging, and wrinkling
Good ability to guide
Good capability to be driven
Resistance to high pressure cleaning showers
Ability to be cleaned and have the sheet knocked off

Compromises in forming fabric design are made to best meet requirements for each forming section position.

Figure 1 shows a single layer, very open fabric design that would maximize drainage.

Figure 2 shows a fabric designed to provide maximum sheet support.

Figure 3 shows a fabric with a very coarse yarn to maximize sheet transport and achieve long life.

Papermaking goals for forming fabrics include:

Good first pass retention
Good formation
Low drive power consumption
Low linting
Minimal sheet two-sidedness
Good strength properties
Proper top surface to achieve desired paper properties

1.2 How Forming Fabrics Are Made

Forming fabrics are woven on textile-type looms using polyester and polyamide yarns. Typical yarn diameters for forming fabrics are 0.10 to 0.60 mm. Forming fabrics can be woven flat and joined (seamed) to make an endless fabric for use on paper machines or woven endless. Most current fabrics are woven flat and seamed. For flat woven fabrics, warp direction on the weaving loom becomes machine direction (MD) on the paper machine and filling direction on the weaving loom becomes the cross machine direction (CD) on the paper machine. For fabrics woven endless, the warp direction on the loom becomes the CD on the paper machine and the filling direction becomes the MD. CD yarns normally are the wear yarns and MD yarns are load bearing on the paper machine. Higher modulus yarns are used in the MD to reduce fabric stretching on the paper machine. Cross machine direction yarns are called "shute" yarns during weaving of seamed fabrics. The term shute comes from shooting the yarn across the weaving loom with a shuttle or rapier. A textile industry term for the filling yarn is "weft." Mesh and count characterize forming fabrics. See terminology in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1- Terminology for Seamed Fabrics

Warp Yarns: MD direction
Weft or Shute Yarns: CD direction
Mesh: Number of yarns per inch in MD direction
Count or Knock: Number of yarns per inch in CD direction
Shed or Shaft: Number of yarns before the weaving pattern repeats
Binder: Strand in a triple layer which holds together the top and bottom layers

Figure 4 is an illustration of mesh and count. Figure 5 is an illustration of shed in the cross section of a double-layer fabric.

2. Forming Fabric Selection from the Manufacturer’s Perspective

3. Forming Fabric Selection from the Paper Maker’s Perspective

4. Technical Criteria for Selection

DETTAGLI DI NOTIZIE

Casa. > Notizie >

Notizie dell'azienda-Forming Fabric Selection: A Technical Perspective for Manufacturers and Paper Makers.

eventi

Notizie

Casi

Forming Fabric Selection: A Technical Perspective for Manufacturers and Paper Makers.

2026-04-07

Table of Contents

The Basics: What You Need to Know About Forming Fabrics
Forming Fabric Selection from the Manufacturer’s Perspective
Forming Fabric Selection from the Paper Maker’s Perspective
Technical Criteria for Selection

1. The Basics: What You Need to Know About Forming Fabrics

1.1 The Primary Functions of Forming Fabrics

Good wear resistance
Resistance to stretching, narrowing, skew, puckering, ridging, and wrinkling
Good ability to guide
Good capability to be driven
Resistance to high pressure cleaning showers
Ability to be cleaned and have the sheet knocked off

Compromises in forming fabric design are made to best meet requirements for each forming section position.

Figure 1 shows a single layer, very open fabric design that would maximize drainage.

Figure 2 shows a fabric designed to provide maximum sheet support.

Figure 3 shows a fabric with a very coarse yarn to maximize sheet transport and achieve long life.

Papermaking goals for forming fabrics include:

Good first pass retention
Good formation
Low drive power consumption
Low linting
Minimal sheet two-sidedness
Good strength properties
Proper top surface to achieve desired paper properties

1.2 How Forming Fabrics Are Made

TABLE 1- Terminology for Seamed Fabrics

Warp Yarns: MD direction
Weft or Shute Yarns: CD direction
Mesh: Number of yarns per inch in MD direction
Count or Knock: Number of yarns per inch in CD direction
Shed or Shaft: Number of yarns before the weaving pattern repeats
Binder: Strand in a triple layer which holds together the top and bottom layers

Figure 4 is an illustration of mesh and count. Figure 5 is an illustration of shed in the cross section of a double-layer fabric.

2. Forming Fabric Selection from the Manufacturer’s Perspective

3. Forming Fabric Selection from the Paper Maker’s Perspective

4. Technical Criteria for Selection

abbigliamento per macchine da carta

Formazione di tessuti

Gradi di polpa

Qualità per imballaggio e confezionamento (Carta marrone)

Gradi di pubblicazione

Classi di tessuti

Grado di Specialità

Tessuto di copertura a rullo / Guaina termoretraibile

rete metallica della muffa del cilindro

Feltri

Gradi di polpa

Qualità per imballaggio e confezionamento (Carta marrone)

Gradi di pubblicazione

Classi di tessuti

Grado di Specialità

Feltro a coste

Tessuti per asciugatrici

Tessuto con filato piatto

Tessuto con Filato Tondo

Spirale legata a filati piatti

Spirale collegata con filato tondo

Cleanweave

Combinato

TAD per la carta tissuta

Tessuti da stampa

Tessuti di pasta

Tessuti industriali

Tessuto filtrante

Tessuto filtro di cotone

Tessuto filtrante di nylon

Tessuto filtrante del poliestere

tessuto filtrante del polipropilene

Tessuto filtro in vinile

Non tessuto

Spunbond/Meltblown

Airfless

spunlace

Via umida

Asciugatrice

Legame termico

Rete Metallica

Acciaio inossidabile

Rete elettrosaldata

rete metallica zincata

Cintura di processo

Carta rotta

Industria chimica

Essiccazione della biomassa

fertilizzanti

Desolforazione dei gas di combustione

Pressatura disidratante per succhi di frutta

Estratti minerali

trattamento del fango

industria del legno

Cinghia resistente alle temperature

Cintura ondulata

Cintura di cotone ad alta velocità

Cintura ad assorbimento di umidità ad alta velocità

Cintura Silenziante ad Alta Velocità

Cintura di traino e palettatura

Cintura trasportatrice in cartone a nido di miele

Cinghia del filtrante

di acciaio inossidabile

Tessuti rivestiti di

Attrezzature per la preparazione delle scorte

Attrezzatura per la polpa

Apparecchiature di raffinazione

apparecchiature di screening

Apparecchiature di ispessimento

Apparecchiatura di dispersione

Attrezzature per la pulizia

Agitatore di polpa

componenti della macchina di carta

Casella della testa

sistema di disidratazione

Coperchio + Cassone di disidratazione

Doccia oscillante

Pulitore di attraversamento

cilindro più asciutto

macchina del calendario